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Speed of Sound Calculator

Calculate the speed of sound in air, water, steel, and 20+ media — with Mach number converter, thunder distance estimator, altitude and humidity corrections

Parameters

0%50%100%
Speed of Sound
345.02 m/s
at 20.0 °C
km/h
1242.07
mph
771.81
knots
670.72
ft/s
1132.01
Relative to Mach 1 (343 m/s at 20°C)
Mach 1.006

Speed of Sound in Various Media

gasGases

Air (20 °C)343 m/s
Air (0 °C)331.3 m/s
Helium1007 m/s
Hydrogen1270 m/s
Carbon Dioxide259 m/s
Methane446 m/s

liquidLiquids

Fresh Water (25 °C)1497 m/s
Sea Water (25 °C)1531 m/s
Mercury1450 m/s
Ethanol1162 m/s
Glycerin1904 m/s

solidSolids

Steel5960 m/s
Aluminum6420 m/s
Copper4760 m/s
Glass (Pyrex)5640 m/s
Concrete3400 m/s
Wood (Oak)3850 m/s
Rubber1600 m/s
Diamond12000 m/s
Granite6000 m/s
Ice3980 m/s
Bone4080 m/s

Formulas

Speed in dry air
v = 331.3 + 0.606 × T (°C)

Linear approximation valid from -40°C to +60°C

Ideal gas (exact)
v = √(γ × R × T / M)

γ=1.4 for air, R=8.314 J/(mol·K), M=0.029 kg/mol

Mach number
Ma = v_object / v_sound

Ma < 1 subsonic, Ma > 1 supersonic

Mach cone angle
sin(α) = 1 / Ma

Half-angle of shock cone at supersonic speeds

Lightning distance
d = v_sound × t

Count seconds between flash and thunder

Temperature lapse rate
T_alt = T_ground - 6.5°C/km × h

Standard atmosphere troposphere model

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